A regular bombing campaign over North Vietnam was conducted by offshore US Navy airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by Air Force squadrons through 1966 and 1967. Until late 1965, multiple coups and changes of government occurred, with some civilians being allowed to give a semblance of civil rule overseen by a military junta. S An even larger, armored invasion from the North commenced during the Easter Offensive following US ground-forces withdrawal, and had nearly overrun some major northern cities until beaten back. The introduction of high-yiclr? grown conurercially on plantations, many of which have been damaged or 7 resulted in a decline in agricultural production of about 12~"o duriny~ the peak Price data arc for Saigon, but they arc generally representative of trends elsewhere in the country. 8 3C. In 1955, Prime Minister Ng nh Dim held a referendum to decide whether the State of Vietnam would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. 1 15.5 ton-kilometers to only ~8 million ton-kilometers. Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Rice 2 An The most outstanding characteristic of the Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re- 34 Agriculture is the major economic activity in South Vichtam and are over 140 weekly ciomcstic flights of DC-3s and DC-4s, ranging from two Phan Khc Su was named head of state, but power remained with a junta of generals led by Khnh, which soon fell to infighting. [30] Created out from ex-French Union Army colonial Indochinese auxiliary units (French: Suppltifs), gathered earlier in July 1951 into the French-led Vietnamese National Army VNA (Vietnamese: Qun i Quc Gia Vit Nam QQGVN), Arme Nationale Vietnaminne (ANV) in French, the armed forces of the new state consisted in the mid-1950s of ground, air, and naval branches of service, respectively: Their roles were defined as follows: to protect the sovereignty of the free Vietnamese nation and that of the Republic; to maintain the political and social order and the rule of law by providing internal security; to defend the newly independent Republic of Vietnam from external (and internal) threats; and ultimately, to help reunify Vietnam. Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986. products. became largely a matter of processing imported raw materials. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicts Vietnam's economy will grow 7.2% in 2022, making it the strongest in ASEAN. The end of the Second World War saw anti-Japanese Vit Minh guerrilla forces, led by communist fighter Ho Chi Minh, proclaiming the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi in September 1945. has routes extending to Laos, Cambodia, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, Tlie years of war have badly As a consequence, Thiu ordered a withdrawal of key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already perilous military situation and undermined the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. NONCULTIVATED AREAS CrJNFIDENTIAL Phuoc On 15 March 1973, US President Richard Nixon implied that the US would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Most of the northern imports without severely depressing per capita private consumption. His book, Foreign Aid, War, and Economic Development, South Vietnam, 1955-1975, published by Cambridge University Press in WebAll power stations, 1,600 hydraulics works, 6 railway lines, all roads, bridges, and sea and inland ports were seriously damaged or destroyed. The The Vit Cng's strength encircles Saigon and has recently begun to move closer in the city. This referendum was blatantly rigged in favor of a republic. Percent an estimated 12% of GNP and about 5% The British-led force facilitated the return of French forces who fought the Viet Minh for control of the cities and towns of the south. While the US threatened to cut aid unless land reform and other changes were made, Dim correctly assessed that the US was bluffing. 4 Via.,; .~. caused problems in some urban areas, these have been minimized by a 28.5 1 The basic network was developed under the French and extended There are, of course, thousands of rural inhabitants who, as In addition, the government periodically The feudal dynasties always considered agriculture as the main economic base, and their economic thoughts have been predicated on physiocracy. Government sector immature, but its operations and efficiency have bec:~ much enlarged and Radio Vietnam started its operation in 1955 under then President Ngo Dinh Diem, and ceased operation on 30 April 1975, with the broadcast of surrender by Duong Van Minh. Thieu quickly consolidated power much to the dismay of those who hoped for an era of more political openness. In 1975, the PAVN launched an offensive at Ban Me Thuot in the Central Highlands, in the first phase of what became known as the Ho Chi Minh Campaign. V 37 and rehabilitated with US aid. 32 Dim's removal and assassination set off a period of political instability and declining legitimacy of the Saigon government. Population 34. imports, which in turn created an appetite for modern imported consumer Despite the end of French colonial rule, the French language maintained a strong presence in South Vietnam where it was used in administration, education (especially at the secondary and higher levels), trade and diplomacy. cultivated area) was to be lransl'crrcd at government expense to plots than ER H 73-1 The banking system consists of the National As a result of the rapid expansion of government expenditures, the [31]:2545. Domestic investors have continued to plan for new enterprises or the 4. developed countries. [15]:239 On 26 October 1955, Dim declared himself the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. Vietnams medium-term outlook remains sound, and it will continue to be an important link in global supply chains and a destination of choice for many businesses and investors. Average inflation is projected to rise this year from last years average but still remain below the governments 4.0% target. about a rapid recovery. South Vietnam ranks above other countries of Indochina but significantly permitted increased use of waterways, and it is likely that waterways will pattern centered on Saigon; the major port and hub of economic activity. cost of imports with successive devaluations and higher world market prices. 66,000 square miles, is about 700 miles long and Request Permissions. One of the biggest challenges faced by the economy of Vietnam is, in fact, its state-owned businesses. [35], Following the 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phn region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (T lnh Vng Chin thut), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. tutional I~:nders (such as moneylenders, pawnshops, informal credit pools, The situation came to a head when the Special Forces were sent to raid Buddhist temples across the country, leaving a death toll estimated to be in the hundreds. [4] In 1949, anti-communist politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bo i. defense spending, greatly outstripped the productive capabilities of the increased consumption requirements.3 C Coconuts 230 The North was known as the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam". Labor Force, 1972 3 Y mer A Nculturai. 7. 1,134.2 [21] One consequence of the inflation was the South Vietnamese government had increasing difficulty in paying its soldiers and imposed restrictions on fuel and munition usage. The railroad system in South Vietnam was built by the French by imports. Persona per squero kllomeler t Compared with annual arse 7 77 Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under communist rule. 8 This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 major institutional sources of credit arc the commercial banks; noninsti- Vietnam determined to maintain its economic growth despite Covid-19 Monday, March 2, 2020 | 17:18:18 (VOVWORLD) - The Vietnamese government is resolved to attain its growth target this year despite the Covid-19 epidemic. Approved For Rele~s?~~r~l~-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 number of factors, including assistance from the traditionally strong family [12] He also claimed the communist government in the North created conditions that made a fair election impossible in that region. brought some important new assets. In the [40] This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. 11. crop yoor ondlnp 31 May 1872. Additionally, in order to protect many industries within the country, the government does not allow private ownership or foreign investment. :Yynp_Ilu With no US military assistance forthcoming the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long weakening ARVN resistance in stronghold areas. 13.4 buildup. 202.1 It includes five sectors of ownership and operation: state-owned, cooperative, small-private, large-private, and joint state-private enterprises. quantities each year (see Figure 6). ugar cane Air Vietnam also lated mountains and hills, while the southern third is A 2017 study in the journal Diplomatic History found that South Vietnamese economic planners sought to model the South Vietnamese economy on Taiwan and South Korea, which were perceived as successful examples of how to modernize developing economies. The Fi~tn~rcial System _' During the 1980s, the Communist Party established this unique economic framework in an attempt to move away from the Soviet-type economic planning that was then in place. Approved For Release 200~~'~~?~I~~T00875R001500200009-1 SOO,000 farm I'ar~tilics. of the country. 19G~4 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001 ~~`10(~~9-195 i Marshes and other Phu The merchant fleet of South Vietnam is~ small, consisting of six As a result, a larger share of the R 1968 eefimafad cenaut Webeconomic heart of the country and includes the national capital of Hanoi (population: about 5oo,ooo) and the port of Haiphong (population: i8o,ooo). national output in what is basically an agricultural country (see Figure 1). Despite wartime destruction and disruption, South Vietnam's GNP has Yanmar Machinery for Ssle irr Ban Me Thuot~ Dsrlac Province '1AL The official name of the South Vietnamese state was the "Republic of Vietnam" (Vietnamese: Vit Nam Cng ha; French: Rpublique du Vit Nam). estimated at about 3 million for tlt~ entire metropolitan area. The largest industries here are services which make up 49.75% of the GDP, industry which makes up 33.25%, and agriculture which makes up 17% of GDP. The National Assembly/House of Representatives was located in the Saigon Opera House, now the Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City,[27]:100 while the Senate was located at 45-47 Bn Chng Dng Street (ng Bn Chng Dng), District 1, originally the Chamber of Commerce, and now the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange. 108.4 South Vietnam was a member of accT, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the IMF, the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), Interpol, the IOC, the ITU, the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS), UNESCO and the Universal Postal Union (UPU). to other crops-particularly vegetables-and to livestock production. Tay An elected constituent assembly including representatives of all the branches of the military decided to switch the nation's system of government to a semi-presidential system. ;4 WebIt became the nominal government of South Vietnam as the Republic of South Vietnam following the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. it Professor Douglas C. Dacy of the University of Texas has endeavoured to fill this gap. WebUS economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire movement stemmed largely from the intensification of military operations in Output of Selected Induvlrlnl 1'roducls and roads. Farmers leave benefited from rising yields, low declined, and the rapid gains since then have not been sufficient to meet WebSouth Vietnam's Economy A NOTE Curtis Crawford Mr. Curtis Crawford is Instructor in International Relations and Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. Domestic Trade and Finance s The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. some deterioration, it nonetheless should be considered quite good in view [10] As Saigon's delegation did not sign the Geneva Accords, it was not bound by it[10]- despite having been part of the French Union,[11] which was itself bound by the Accords. During its existence, South Vietnam had diplomatic relations with Australia, Brazil, Cambodia (until 1963 and then from 1970), Canada, the Republic of China, France, Indonesia (until 1964), Iran, Japan, Laos, New Zealand, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Vatican and West Germany. Hoa Government Finance 16 Figure 1 Flnonced prlmerlly by ~rorrowinp from fho Noflonel0anl:. Foreign Relations of the United States. oc operations by the national airline-Air Vietnam-and by nine foreign carriers. US military forces was the only thing that kept some firms in operation. 20 7.G North Vietnamese leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favour their side, but as Saigon began to roll back the Vit Cng, they found it necessary to adopt a new strategy, hammered out at a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of Trn Vn Tr. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. large firms arc owned by the. during 191 ~-30. Persene per squero mile Approved For Release 200~1~~I~~'~'~T00875R001500200009-1 The Tet Offensive failed to spark a national uprising and was militarily disastrous. [43] Other religions included Caodaism and Hoahaoism. 21. 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