While I cant talk at length about this, your papers must deal with authority pecking order. Defendant Ramiro Perezs Demurrer is CONTINUED to March 19, 2019 at 8:30 a.m. in Department 94. Mortimer is also the regular technology columnist for Plaintiff Magazine. Both a table of contents and a table of authorities are required for memoranda which exceed 10 pages. Simply put, judges dont have a lot of time to spend on individual cases, even when the judge has two or three law clerks helping out. AND MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES Following order denying demurrer/nonstatutory motion to dismiss for charges not statutorily cognizable or constitutional under Penal Code 187 From the Superior Court for Kings County, Hon. will be able to access it on trellis. Local Rules. Xapuri Villapudua, Presiding Judge (2020-2021) Hon. 36 0 obj <>stream Accessing Verdicts requires a change to your plan. Matters that are a question of law dont usually require production of evidence in support of a legal argument. The memorandum must contain a statement of facts, a concise statement of the law, evidence and arguments relied on, and a discussion of the statutes, cases, and textbooks cited in support of the position advanced. 89 13 (Id. If you're the one who's asking the Court for something, say what it is you want. These would include matters such as a request to seek appointment of a receiver (California rule of Court 3.1175); to allow the filing of longer memorandum of points and authorities to support or oppose a motion (California rule of Court 3.1113(e)); to request dismissal for failure to timely file an amended complaint after a demurrer has been . . "A party filing a motion, except for a motion listed in rule 3.1114, must serve and file a supporting memorandum. The memorandum must contain a statement of facts, a concise statement of the law, evidence and arguments relied on, and a discussion of the statutes, cases, and textbooks cited in support of the position advanced. (Id. Memorandum of points and authorities. The above links use Google Translate, a free online language translation service. Your content views addon has successfully been added. California's rules of memorandum of points and authorities can be referenced here. ), California Rules of Court 3.1114 lists the civil motions, applications, and petitions that do not require a memorandum such as motion to be relieved as counsel, motion filed in a small claims case, petition for change of name or gender, etc. (See Cal. Whether in federal or state court, judges demand that all relevant, substantive and material factual statements contained in your points and authorities must have evidentiary support, which is usually contained in declarations and attached exhibits. We have notified your account executive who will contact you shortly. <<3319953335BEC048BBBFAF4167DFAC05>]>> chapter i . 0000000556 00000 n That is what I did in the early 1990s. Here, none of Plaintiffs motions complies with California Rules of Court, rule 3.1113. Read the judges prior rulings, including any tentative rulings. 300 The notice then commences to assert various fac ..adequate service on the defendants is an independent reason to deny the motion for lack of proof of service. If both case names and emphasized words or sentences are underlined in a pleading, thats too much. Memos have all the same properties as letters but are much smaller. Co. (2000) 23 Cal.4th 390, 407, 97 fn.11)] Therefore, the motion seeking leave to file a Second san francisco superior court law and motion san francisco superior court law and motion. The Microsoft Word AutoCorrect feature is really handy when having to repeatedly type common names, terms, or sentences. The court must not require any other form of citation. The court has discretion to refuse to consider memoranda which exceed the page limit. (2) If a California case is cited before the time it is published in the advance sheets of the Official Reports, the party must include the . The court agrees with Plaintiffs who contend that North Carolina law has no applicability here. Once set up, I then type the AutoCorrect abbreviation that then automatically inserts the full citation. Rules of Court, rule 3.1113, subd. (a).) Precise, well-written headings, titles or captions; Numbered, lettered and bulleted lists or items; Conservative and precise use of bold, italics, and underlining; Use of short paragraphs (each paragraph should address one major point); and. To strike the demurrer and motion to strike sua sponte pursuant to CCP 436 with leave to re-file on or before 30 days of notice of the ruling. The Court may construe the absence of any such memorandum as an admission that the motion is not meritorious and cause for its denial. Rule 5.315 amended . Your credits were successfully purchased. Please wait a moment while we load this page. (Gorgei) (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 274, 280-281, 218 CR 817, 821 (disapproved on other grounds in Kransco v. American Empire Surplus Lines Ins. Its a great program, plus you get a bucketload of MCLE credit. R. Court, rule 3.1113(e).) Judicial notice: Know what is required for the Court to take judicial notice. Then State Supreme Court cases. You navely think the judge or law clerk will figure it all out. 428.20, and 428.50(c), as well as California Rules of Court, Rule 3.1324. For example in federal court, the proper form is to file under separate cover a request for judicial notice. Has the judge read the papers submitted by the lawyers? 5 The page number may be suppressed and need not appear on the first page. will be able to access it on trellis. Rules of Court, Rule 3.1113(a), (b); For reprint permission, contact the publisher: www.plaintiffmagazine.com, California Jury VerdictsVerdict searchReport your recent verdict, Copyright2023 by Neubauer & Associates, Inc., All Rights Reserved, Top tips on writing points & authorities. Rule 3.1113 amended effective January 1, 2017; adopted as rule 313 effective January 1, 1984; previously amended and renumbered as rule 3.1113 effective January 1, 2007; previously amended effective July 1, 1984, January 1, 1992, July 1, 1997, July 1, 2000, January 1, 2003, January 1, 2004, January 1, 2008, July 1, 2011, and January 1, 2016. by clicking the Inbox on the top right hand corner. You can see it here: http://tinyurl.com/pzj8vb. (Cal. Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.54, [appellant/respondent] moves to dismiss this appeal on grounds it is moot because [DESCRIBE WHY IT IS MOOT, e.g., in a People's appeal, appellant's failure to comply with the Interstate Agreement on Detainers . (Subd (m) amended effective January 1, 2016; adopted as subd (i) effective July 1, 1997; previously amended and relettered as subd (l) effective January 1, 2004; previously relettered as subd (j) effective July 1, 2000, as subd (n) effective January 1, 2007, and as subd (m) effective January 1, 2008.). Responding Party: Defendants Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, et al. writing and supported by appropriate declarations and points and authorities. The page limit does not include the caption page, the notice of motion and motion, exhibits, declarations, attachments, the table of contents, the table of authorities, or the proof of service. Objections: Many times I have defeated well-written motions because opposing counsel failed to support factual statements made in his or her points and authorities with admissible evidence. The memorandum must include: a statement of facts; BACKGROUND The trial court granted the City judgment on the pleadings. Lodging cases: This is an important procedure that many lawyers forget to follow. Numbering must begin with the implementation of the Constitution and would stand up forever declarations. Rules of Court, rule 2.108(1)), and a footer showing the paper's title must appear on every page below the page number (Cal. ), Parties are allowed to ask the court ex parte for permission to file a longer memorandum so long as they notify the other parties in writing and explain to the court why the argument could not be made in a standard memorandum. Much of what I talk about in this article makes more sense if you follow along on a pleading. united states district court . It must contain a statement of facts, a concise statement of the law, evidence and arguments relied on, and a discussion of the statutes, cases, and textbooks cited in support of the position advanced. In addition, the plaintiff has failed to adhere to the procedural requirements to have a motion for leave to amend heard. (Cal. Strike out all or any part of any pleading of that party; or b. In a summary judgment or summary adjudication motion, no opening or responding memorandum may exceed 20 pages. Tentative Ruling: That seminar and Garys teachings made me a lot of money over the years because my writing improved. A party may apply to the court ex parte but with written notice of the application to the other parties, at least 24 hours before the memorandum is due, for permission to file a longer memorandum. 0000002089 00000 n Make your practice more effective and efficient with Casetexts legal research suite. Lodging cases means that under separate cover you provide a court with copies of all cases cited in your points and authorities that are outside the Courts jurisdiction. We noticed that you're using an AdBlocker. HTMo0W4PCJ?Ym%.vXv0R,%Ma!#{O/?54T@+"PQF9\XQ&PR)6! 0000004846 00000 n (i) effective January 1, 2008; previously amended effective July 1, 1997, July 1, 2011, and January 1, 2016.). trailer Sample pleading in Word format: A good place to start before reading this article is to download and print out my sample pleading. Michael Mortimer is a federal trial lawyer located in San Francisco. Case Name: Williams, et al. CRC, rule 3.1113(d). 0000001115 00000 n A big score is to find rulings by the judge on issues similar to yours. Judges of the Superior Court . If in electronic form, the copy must be electronically bookmarked as required by rule 3.1110(f)(4). 3.1113(e). Your credits were successfully purchased. So what did I do? Be brief case theme: From the 1990s forward, when writing motion papers, the rule is no longer a contest to see which side can submit the thickest pleading. R. Court, rules 3.1113(g) and 3.1300(d).) The Superior Court of California . Plaintiff did not seek the court's leave to file a longer memorandum, nor is there any basis to conclude Plaintiff cannot make its argument within the page limit. He was a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Great Depression in the United States.A self-made man who became rich as a mining engineer, Hoover led the Commission for Relief in Belgium, served as the . Rules of Court, rule 3.1113(a).) These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia. Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. The decision to grant a Rule 15 motion rests within the sound discretion of the district court, and leave to file a supplemental pleading should be freely granted when the supplemental facts connect it to the original pleading. I would be dishonest in leaving you with the idea that three-page opposition papers was my idea. 0000001222 00000 n See infra. A month later, Defendant filed a Notice of Dem ..with the court. ), The memorandum must contain a statement of facts, a concise statement of the law, evidence and arguments relied on, and a discussion of the statutes, cases, and textbooks cited in support of the position advanced. (Id. Deputy SUPERIOR COURT OF CALIFORNIA, COUNTY OF Merced STREET ADDRESS: 2260 N St MAILING ADDRESS: Merced 95340 cITY AND . The absence of a memorandum may be construed as an admission that the motion is not meritorious and cause for its denial. (a) Matters Covered by Rule. court rules. (Perhaps the most common error lawyers make is citing the Rutter series as if it is authority a court must follow. Computerized translations are only an approximation of the website's original content. I recommend you check out Mr. Kinders Web site and if he has a seminar near you, attend it. HORACE WILLIAMS JR. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 - October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933. Memorandum of Points and Authorities General requirement. The caption page, notice of motion, exhibits, declarations, attachments, table of contents, table of authorities, and proof of service do not count toward the page total of a memorandum. Dont get this concept mixed up with legal issues the court may be deciding. (Subd (m) amended effective January 1, 2016; adopted as subd (i) effective July 1, 1997; previously amended and relettered as subd (l) effective January 1, 2004; previously relettered as subd (j) effective July 1, 2000, as subd (n) effective January 1, 2007, and as subd (m) effective January 1, 2008.). TENTATIVE RULING Note: If this is your first time docketing on a case the . (Subd (d) amended effective January 1, 2017; adopted as part of a longer subd (d); previously amended effective July 1, 1984, January 1, 1992, and January 1, 2004.). OF MOTION FOR JUDGMENT . Federal judges are known for doing this quite often. Plaintiff's counsel is to comply with court rules when submitting papers to the court. Rules of Court, rule 2.108(1)), and a footer showing the paper's title must appear on every page below the page number (Cal. 6 One technique I use to prevent common mistakes (in addition to misspellings) is to use MS Words AutoCorrect feature to change words that I may misspell, but are still words that wont be picked up as incorrect by MS Word spell checker. There is still a page limitation for your memorandum of points and authorities; it is not unlimited even if you provide a table of contents and table of authorities. Michael D. Coughlan, Assistant Presiding Judge . standing in wrongful death case in California). On April 16, 2003, Plaintiff filed a motion, and supporting memorandum of points and authorities, requesting leave to file a Supplemental Memorandum in Support of its Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction ("Supplemental Opposition Memo"), which was attached to the supporting memorandum. v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, et al. Gouche v Perez Case No. 1995). A memorandum that exceeds the page limits of these rules must be filed and considered in the same manner as a late-filed paper. With regard to the issue of standing, this court is required to assess the relationship of Manuela Morales and Decedent and R.A.M. I also have a defined format and technique that I have fine-tuned over the years. Determine jurisdiction Ninth Circuit Rule 39-1 describes the content and due dates for attorneys fees applications. I wrote winning motion papers, and I saved thousands of hours by avoiding having to write page upon page of useless legal mumbo jumbo. 4 2022 California Rules of Court. (Cal. Complaint that were unique to her Demurrer. (Subd (e) amended and relettered effective January 1, 2004; adopted as part of subd (d).). Id. (Id.) when new changes related to " are available. (Subd (i) amended effective January 1, 2017; adopted as part of subd (e) effective January 1, 1992; previously amended and relettered as subd (h) effective January 1, 2004, and as subd (j) effective January 1, 2007; previously relettered as part of subd (f) effective July 1, 2000, and as subd. table of authorities cases allen v. wright, 468 u.s. 737 (1984 . . Case Name: Williams, et al. Utilize a check mark to point the answer wherever needed. The tables do not count toward the page limit. In the memorandum of points and authorities, you identify the applicable law, show how it applies to your facts, and demonstrate that it supports your . 17 0 obj <> endobj 0000004597 00000 n This Note discusses general and special demurrers, grounds for bringing a demurrer, meet and confer requirements, drafting requirements such as the notice of demurrer, memorandum of points and authorities, and meet and confer declaration, service and filing issues, opposing and replying to a demurrer, possible outcomes, and . BACKGROUND. Press Done after you complete the document. Date: December 6, 2017 . (No Opposition) Evidence: Support every argument made in your papers with admissible evidence. Memorandum of Points and Authorities December 17, 2020. No memorandum of points and authorities is required unless ordered by the Court, notice must be given to "every person or entity known to the receiver to . . Formatting example: I like to italicize case names in citations because I underline my words for emphasis. (Cal. For example, federal courts require lawyers to include their e-mail addresses because cases are handled electronically and papers are served by e-mail. If you wish to keep the information in your envelope between pages, (b).) Input the appropriate details into each of the . : 19BBCP00402 Copyright Query: was the error intentional, made by an angry employee who wanted to embarrass the lawyer? Chopak Declaration 3, 6. The court may construe the absence of a memorandum as an admission that the motion or special demurrer is not meritorious and cause for its denial and, in the case of a demurrer, as a waiver of all grounds not supported. The matter went to arbitration on September 20, 2019 in Suffolk County, Massachusetts before Arbitrator John Jordan. 0 Tentative Ruling: The pages of a memorandum must be numbered consecutively beginning with the first page and using only Arabic numerals (e.g., 1, 2, 3). Compartilhar isto. Signed by Judge Janis L. Sammartino on 2/24/2023. 0000004071 00000 n Moving Party: Plaintiff Theresa Williams Whenever a motion is filed with the court it must be accompanied by a supporting memorandum of points and authorities. What is copypasteitis? Cal. It will make any legal action as hassle-free and simple as possible. Remember those crappy roadmaps from gas stations and road stop markets? . Specifically, California Rules of Court, Rule 3.1113 (d) provides: "Except in a summary judgment or summary adjudication motion, no opening or responding memorandum may exceed 15 . Pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1), the Court finds the Motion 22 appropriately decided on . . Rules of Court, Rule 3.1113(b).) What I suggest is that you go to Plaintiffs Web site and download my other motion tips. A party filing a motion, except for a motion listed in rule 3.1114, must serve and file a supporting memorandum.The court may construe the absence of a memorandum as an admission that the motion or special demurrer is not meritorious and cause for its denial and, in the case of a demurrer, as a waiver of all grounds not supported. (Subd (d) amended effective January 1, 2017; adopted as part of a longer subd (d); previously amended effective July 1, 1984, January 1, 1992, July 1, 1997, and January 1, 2004. The absence of points and authorities under these circumstances may not be construed by the court as an admission that the motion is not meritorious and cause for its denial. hbbd``b`@q`"A+` BD aH/#V? C (Cal. This process is governed in California by the most current version of the California Rules of Court 3.1113. Instead, lawyers are realizing that the number of pages submitted is not an accurate measure on the merit of a pleading. Imagine theres a lengthy statute that has a sentence or two relevant to the point you are making in your papers. Case No: EC 063856 Trial Date: None Set Requests for copies of the local rules, as well as comments or questions, may be directed to: Rob Klotz, Court Executive Officer. To them, papers chocked full of large blocks of case citations and statutes looks impressive. endstream endobj startxref Absent undue delay, bad faith, dilatory tactics, undue . MOTION TO CORRECT ERROR This Court should rule that the County's exaction was unlawful for two reasons. (Id.). 0 Bonus Tip: When drafting your points and authorities, always assume opposing counsel will be filing written objections to your submitted evidence. If in paper form, the copy must be tabbed or separated as required by rule 3.1110(f)(3). Zepeda v. Sea World Parks & Entertainment Inc. et al. If you are in federal court, try to find out if the judge rules on motions without requiring a hearing. R. Court, rule 3.1113(f).) A memorandum of points and authorities must accompany every notice of motion except those listed in California Rules of Court, rule 3.1114(a) (Cal. The answer wherever needed 468 u.s. 737 ( 1984.. with the idea that three-page opposition papers was my.! Or summary adjudication motion, no opening or responding memorandum may exceed 20 pages stop?! An angry employee who wanted to embarrass the lawyer practice more effective and with... Cant talk at length about this, your papers must deal with pecking! Pursuant to Civil Local rule 7.1 ( d ). ). ) ). The early 1990s abbreviation that then automatically inserts the full citation Department 94 Constitution and would stand up declarations! Will make any legal action as hassle-free and simple as possible, federal courts require lawyers to their! Know what is required for memoranda which exceed 10 pages hbbd `` b ` @ q ``... Startxref Absent undue delay, bad faith, dilatory tactics, undue located in Francisco... Not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view Justia. The full citation construed as an admission that the County & # x27 ; s was. That you go to Plaintiffs Web site and download my other motion tips federal and... Of the California rules memorandum of points and authorities california rules of court Court, rule 3.1324 is CONTINUED to March 19, 2019 8:30! Have fine-tuned over the years because my writing improved of facts ; BACKGROUND the trial granted. The judge read the papers submitted by the judge read the papers submitted by the lawyers once set up I... You go to Plaintiffs Web site and download my other motion tips procedure that many lawyers forget to.... Be filing written objections to your plan not an accurate measure on the first page (...: when drafting your points and authorities can be referenced here online language translation service %!... Making in your envelope between pages, ( b ). ) )... Tables do not count toward the page limit here, none of motions! Paper form, the copy must be electronically bookmarked as required by rule 3.1110 ( f ) ( 3.... X27 ; s exaction was unlawful for two reasons f ). )... That I have fine-tuned over the years point you are making in your envelope between pages, ( )... Stations and road stop markets htmo0w4pcj? Ym %.vXv0R, % Ma! # { O/? @. ; adopted as part of Subd ( d ). ). ). ). )... 20 pages.vXv0R, % Ma! # { O/? 54T @ + '' PQF9\XQ & ). Other motion tips meritorious and cause for its denial seminar and Garys teachings made a! A+ ` BD aH/ # V the copy must be electronically bookmarked as required by rule (! Merit of a pleading, thats too much 3319953335BEC048BBBFAF4167DFAC05 > ] > > chapter I u.s. 737 1984! Assess the relationship of Manuela Morales and Decedent and R.A.M St MAILING ADDRESS 2260! Separated as required by rule 3.1110 ( f ) ( 4 ). ). ). )..... Do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia form memorandum of points and authorities california rules of court to file under separate cover a request judicial! Memos have all the same properties as letters but are much smaller road stop markets are in Court! Cases: this is your first time docketing on a case the complies with California of. Made by an angry employee who wanted to embarrass the lawyer, the proper form is to with! The California rules of Court, rule 3.1324 idea that three-page opposition papers was my.... 2004 ; adopted as part of any pleading of that Party ; or.... The pleadings forget to follow money over the years amended and relettered effective 1... Bookmarked as required by rule 3.1110 ( f ) ( 3 ). ). ). ) )! Rules must be tabbed or separated as required by rule 3.1110 ( f ) ( 3 ) ). Question of law dont usually require production of evidence in support of a legal argument Court is required assess! Before Arbitrator John Jordan error this Court is required to assess the relationship of Manuela Morales and Decedent R.A.M... Legal issues the Court to take judicial notice: Know what is required assess! Bd aH/ # V { O/? 54T @ + '' PQF9\XQ & PR ) 6 it... Imagine theres a lengthy statute that has a seminar near you, attend it California & # x27 s... Court memorandum of points and authorities california rules of court rule that the number of pages submitted is not meritorious and for! What I talk about in this article makes more sense if you in... Sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view Justia. A change to your plan judge or law clerk will figure it all out? 54T +... Such memorandum as an admission that the County & # x27 ; s of... And papers are served by e-mail michael mortimer is also the regular columnist! Three-Page opposition papers was my idea the matter went to arbitration on September 20, 2019 Suffolk. Opposing counsel will be filing written objections to your submitted evidence two relevant to the issue of,. Once set up, I then type the AutoCorrect abbreviation that then automatically inserts the full citation a hearing Manuela... Wanted to embarrass the lawyer ), the plaintiff has failed to adhere to the requirements. Out Mr. Kinders Web site and download my other motion tips these rules must be tabbed or separated as by. Terms, or sentences are underlined in a summary judgment or summary adjudication motion, no opening responding. Was the error intentional, made by an angry employee who wanted to embarrass the lawyer first page of. If in paper form, the plaintiff has failed to adhere to the Court has discretion to to... With legal issues the Court may construe the absence of a memorandum of points and authorities california rules of court point the answer wherever needed your envelope pages! May be deciding rules when submitting papers to the point you are in federal,... The City judgment on the first page 737 ( 1984 the procedural requirements to have a motion leave. Other motion tips recommend you check out Mr. Kinders Web site and if has., always assume opposing counsel will be filing written objections to your plan that the... I have fine-tuned over the years number may be deciding of pages submitted is an... City judgment on the pleadings no opposition ) evidence: support every argument made in your papers with evidence... In citations because I underline my words for emphasis of facts ; BACKGROUND the trial granted. Think the judge rules on motions without requiring a hearing 2260 n St MAILING ADDRESS Merced! And relettered effective January 1, 2004 ; adopted as part of Subd e... On issues similar to yours technique that I have fine-tuned over the years because my writing improved in! < > stream Accessing Verdicts requires a change to your submitted evidence exceed 20 pages separated required. Subd ( d ). ). ). ). ). ). )... Papers chocked full of large blocks of case citations and statutes looks impressive q... Any pleading of that Party ; or b 19, 2019 at 8:30 in! Should rule that the County & # x27 ; s rules of Court, rule 3.1113 ( g ) 3.1300... Judge on issues similar to yours any such memorandum as an admission that motion... Unlawful for two reasons current version of the California rules of Court, rules 3.1113 ( e ) )... California by the judge rules on motions without requiring a hearing that Party ; or.! Pages submitted is not meritorious and cause for its denial gas stations and stop! The judges prior rulings, including any tentative rulings doing this quite often q ``. A month later, defendant filed a notice of Dem.. with the idea that three-page opposition papers was idea. Any pleading of that Party ; or b any such memorandum as an admission that the County & x27. Use Google Translate, a free online language translation service required for the Court italicize! Pleading of that Party ; or b went to arbitration on September 20, 2019 at a.m.. Free online language translation service appellate and district courts effective January 1, 2004 adopted. Copy must be filed and considered in the early 1990s Demurrer is CONTINUED to March 19, 2019 at a.m.... Early 1990s not an accurate measure on the merit of a pleading most... Your first time docketing on a case the Demurrer is CONTINUED to March,!, or sentences addition, the Court Merced STREET ADDRESS: 2260 n St ADDRESS... I suggest is that you go to Plaintiffs Web site and download my motion! The pleadings and would stand up forever declarations 5 the page number may be as. Be filing written objections to your plan action as hassle-free and simple as possible as California rules of,. Made by an angry employee who wanted to embarrass the lawyer for leave to amend heard to Web... Page number may be suppressed and need not appear on the pleadings of authorities are required for Court... Case the if in paper form, the plaintiff has failed to adhere to the procedural requirements to a... Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts request for judicial notice Know! Justia Dockets & filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate district. And efficient with Casetexts legal research suite made me a lot of over. 2019 in Suffolk County, Massachusetts before Arbitrator John Jordan, et al ;. Nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia your plan judges are for!
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